THEN WAT????

It was the biggest of all times when we human world just discovered syphilis as a great sexual disease,  and was one of the most competitive issues in medical treatment of the 1900’s and even bfore it was found………Why is it we have syphilis through sexual encounters ???? wats its history ??how can i find it ?? Where can we get it more commonly??? the risk factors ?? how does the signs look like ??? wat are the comon symptoms ????? Is it a better managed disease ??? how easier its treatable ………..this is not the commonly asked qns …this is the first some few qns i had when i was in the 1st year itself …It has always been a trouble to all teenagers about the sexually transmitted diseases…..is it ???????? I think so !!!!!!!!!!

HISTORY OF SYPHILIS ??

Three theories on the origin of syphilis have been proposed. It is generally agreed upon by historians and anthropologists that syphilis was present among the indigenous peoples of the Americas before Europeans traveled to and from the New World. However, whether strains of syphilis were present in the entire world for millennia, or if the disease was confined to the Americas in the pre-Columbian era, is debated.

1. PRECOLUMBIAN THEORY
2. COLUMBIAN THEORY- During Columbus times
3. COMBINATION THEORY -Alfred Cosby

FIRST MEDICINE

The Spanish priest Francisco Delicado wrote El modo de adoperare el legno de India (Rome, 1525) about the use of Guaiacum in the treatment of syphilis. He himself suffered from syphilis.

SECOND MEDICINE

Then it was of no use so they had to use mercury which was a dreadful drug again. Nicholas Culpeper recommended the use of heartsease (wild pansy), an herb with antimicrobial activities. Another common remedy was mercury: the use of which gave rise to the saying “A night in the arms of Venus leads to a lifetime on Mercury“.It was administered multiple ways including by mouth, by rubbing it on the skin and by injection. One of the more curious methods was fumigation, in which the patient was placed in a closed box with his head sticking out. Mercury was placed in the box and a fire was started under the box that caused the mercury to vaporize. It was a grueling process for the patient and the least effective for delivering mercury to the body. The use of mercury was the earliest known suggested treatment for syphilis. But was defintly better than guaiacum .

THIRD MEDICINE

The first antibiotic to be used for treating disease was the arsenic-containing drug Salvarsan, developed in 1908 by Sahachiro Hata while working in the laboratory of Nobel prize winner Paul Ehrlich.This was later modified into Neosalvarsan. Unfortunately, these drugs were not 100% effective, especially in late disease. It had been observed that some who develop high fevers could be cured of syphilis. Thus, for a brief time malaria was used as treatment for tertiary syphilis because it produced prolonged and high fevers (a form of pyrotherapy).

ROLE OF QUININE’S

This discovery was championed by Julius Wagner-Jauregg, who won the 1927 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his work in this area. Malaria as a treatment for syphilis was usually reserved for late disease, especially neurosyphilis, and then followed by either Salvarsan or Neosalvarsan as adjuvant therapy.

PENICILLIN MADE ENTRY

hese treatments were finally rendered obsolete by the discovery of penicillin, and its widespread manufacture after World War II allowed syphilis to be effectively and reliably cured

GOT BORED

This is not it there are great persons in the past and less  persons in the future going to be a victim of syphilis . There is a very big list of the persons and u will be amazed by the people bcoz most of them are who we know

1. Charles VIII France
2. Hernando Cortez
3. Adolf Hitler
4. Benito Mussolini
5. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
6. Leo Tolstoy
7. Maurice Barrymore
8. Henry VIII
9. Ivan the Terrible
10. Martin Alonso Pinzon
11. Eleanor of Toledo
12. Hugo Wolf
13. Lord Randolph Churchill
14. Vincent van Gogh
15. Jack Pickford

and there are wat more of famous citizens in the world who were victims of this disease and this is just a list that i know and there are more n more u may be knowing .

WAT ARE THE SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF SYPHILIS???

The symptoms of syphilis are the same in men and women. They can be mild and difficult to recognise or distinguish from other STDs. Symptoms may take up to 3 months to appear after initial infection. Syphilis is a slowly progressing disease that has several stages. The primary and secondary stages are very infectious.

There are 3 stages of Syphilis :-

1. Primary syphilis

2. Secondary Syphilis

3. Tertiary Syphilis

an the symptoms differs for all

PRIMARY SYPHILIS

• -21 Days approximately from the time of sexual contact with the infected person

• -one or more painless ulcers called as chancres

• -highly infectious
• -chancres on vagina(f), cervix(f), Penis(m), Mouth, and around anus(both)
• -without treatment they take around 2-6 wks to heal
• - If it does not heal it progresses to  secondary syphilis

SECONDARY SYPHILIS

• -Primary syphilis which is not subsiding within next 3-6 wks causes secondary syphilis
• -flu like illness
• -loss of appetite
• -swollen glands (wks to months )
• -non itchy rash or patches all over the body
• -warty growths in vulva(f)  and anus(both)
• -white patches on tongue and mouth
• -Alopecia
• -The most infective stage of syphilis and sexual transmission clearly trasmits syphilis
• -this may settle in a few weeks or months but may be latent for months to years in the induividual and can actively spread
• -treatment at this stage can cause a sure cure for syphilis but dont wait for this or else in the 3rd stage you are going to go MAD

TERTIARY SYPHILIS / NEUROSYPHILIS

• If a person infected with syphilis has not received treatment during the first two stages of the disease then it will progress to the latent stage.
• The person will no longer experience any symptoms of the earlier stages, but their infection can still be diagnosed with a blood test.
• If left untreated, the infection may develop into symptomatic late syphilis, also known as the tertiary stage.
• This usually develops after more than 10 years and is often very serious. It is at this stage that syphilis can affect the heart and possibly the nervous system.
• If treatment for syphilis is given during the latent stage the infection can be cured.
• However, any heart or nervous-system damage that occurred before the start of treatment may be irreversible.

WAT IS THE ORGANISM CAUSING ???

Mainly Syphilis is caused by Treponema Palladium. Treponema pallidum is a species of spirochaete bacterium with subspecies that cause treponemal diseases such as syphilis, bejel, pinta and yaws. It is not seen on a Gram stained smear because the organism is too thin.

Subspecies

There are at least four known subspecies:

• Treponema pallidum pallidum, which causes syphilis
• T. pallidum endemicum, which causes bejel
• T. pallidum carateum, which causes pinta
• T. pallidum pertenue, which causes yaws

There is some variation as to which are considered subspecies, and which are species. The cause of pinta is sometimes described as “Treponema carateum”, rather than a subspecies of Treponema pallidum, even when the subspecies convention is used for the other agents.

DIAGNOSIS ???

DARK FIELD MICROSCOPY

Dark-field microscopy is the most specific technique for diagnosing syphilis when an active chancre or condyloma latum is present. However, its accuracy is limited by the experience of the operator performing the test, the number of live treponemes in the lesion, and the presence of non-pathologic treponemes in oral or anal lesions. In preparation for dark-field microscopy, the lesion is cleansed and then abraded gently with a gauze pad. Once a serous exudate appears, it is collected on a glass slide and examined under a microscope equipped with a dark-field condenser. Negative examinations on three different days are necessary before a lesion may be considered negative for T. pallidum

OTHERS TESTS

1. VDRL
2. Rapid Plasma Reagin Test

False positive seen in many no: of cases with Pregnancy, Autoimmune diseases and Infections

SPECIFIC TEST

These tests are used primarily to confirm the diagnosis of syphilis in patients with a reactive nontreponemal test. However, the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test for antitreponemal IgG also may be used for screening. Treponemal-specific tests include the

1. EIA for anti-treponemal IgG,
2. the T. pallidum hemagglutination (TPHA) test,
3. the microhemagglutination test with T. pallidum antigen,
4. the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test (FTA-abs),
5. and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

TREATMENT ???

PRIMARY SYPHILIS

Primary syphilis is treated with 2.4 million units of penicillin G benzathine delivered intramuscularly in a single dose. In nonpregnant patients who are allergic to penicillin, alternative regimens include doxycycline (Doxy1), in a dosage of 100 mg taken orally twice daily for two weeks, or tetracycline, in a dosage of 500 mg taken orally four times daily for two weeks. Limited evidence indicates that Ceftriaxone , in a dosage of 1 g delivered intramuscularly or intravenously once daily for eight to 10 days, or azithromycin (Azibact), in a single 2-g dose taken orally, may be effective for the treatment of primary syphilis.

SECONDARY SYPHILIS

Treatment employs the same antibiotic regimens used for primary syphilis. Follow-up is the same as that for primary syphilis.

TERTIARY SYPHILIS

Antibiotic therapy for gummatous and cardiovascular syphilis is the same as that for late latent syphilis, provided no evidence of neurologic involvement is present. Consensus is lacking on the appropriate follow-up in patients who have tertiary syphilis with no CNS involvement. Clinical response to treatment varies and depends on the type and location of gummatous or cardiovascular lesions.

TABES DORSALIS ????

Tabes dorsalis (locomotor ataxia) involves slow, progressive degeneration of the posterior columns and nerve roots. It typically develops 20 to 30 yr after initial infection; mechanism is unknown. Usually, the earliest, most characteristic symptom is an intense, stabbing (lightning) pain in the back and legs that recurs irregularly. Gait ataxia, hyperesthesia, and paresthesia may produce a sensation of walking on foam rubber. Loss of bladder sensation leads to urine retention, incontinence, and recurrent infections. Erectile dysfunction is common. Most patients with tabes dorsalis are thin and have characteristic sad facies and Argyll Robertson pupils (pupils that accommodate for near vision but do not respond to light). Optic atrophy may occur. Examination of the legs detects hypotonia, hyporeflexia, impaired vibratory and joint position sense, ataxia in the heel-shin test, absence of deep pain sensation, and Romberg’s sign. Tabes dorsalis tends to be intractable even with treatment. Visceral crises (episodic pain) are a variant of tabes dorsalis; paroxysms of pain occur in various organs, most commonly in the stomach (causing vomiting) but also in the rectum, bladder, and larynx.

PARENCHYMATOUS NEUROSYPHILIS???

It usually develops 15 to 20 yr after initial infection and typically does not affect patients before their 40s or 50s. Behavior progressively deteriorates, sometimes mimicking a mental disorder or dementia. Irritability, difficulty concentrating, deterioration of memory, defective judgment, headaches, insomnia, fatigue, and lethargy are common; seizures, aphasia, and transient hemiparesis are possible. Hygiene and grooming deteriorate. Patients may become emotionally unstable and depressed and have delusions of grandeur with lack of insight; wasting may occur. Tremors of the mouth, tongue, outstretched hands, and whole body may occur; other signs include pupillary abnormalities, dysarthria, hyperreflexia, and, in some patients, extensor plantar responses. Handwriting is usually shaky and illegible.

MENINGOVASCULAR NEUROSYPHILIS??

Inflammation of large- to medium-sized arteries of the brain or spinal cord; symptoms typically occur 5 to 10 yr after infection and range from none to strokes. Initial symptoms may include headache, neck stiffness, dizziness, behavioral abnormalities, poor concentration, memory loss, lassitude, insomnia, and blurred vision. Spinal cord involvement may cause weakness and wasting of shoulder-girdle and arm muscles, slowly progressive leg weakness with urinary or fecal incontinence or both, and, rarely, sudden paralysis of the legs due to thrombosis of spinal arteries.

JARISCH-HERXHEIMER REACTION??

Most patients with primary or secondary syphilis, especially those with secondary syphilis, have a JHR within 6 to 12 h of initial treatment. It typically manifests as malaise, fever, headache, sweating, rigors, anxiety, or a temporary exacerbation of the syphilitic lesions. The mechanism is not understood, and JHR may be misdiagnosed as an allergic reaction. JHR usually subsides within 24 h and poses no danger. However, patients with general paresis or a high CSF cell count may have a more serious reaction, including seizures or strokes, and should be warned and observed accordingly. Unanticipated JHR may occur if patients with undiagnosed syphilis are given antitreponemal antibiotics for other infections.

CONDYLOMO LATA ??

hypertrophic, flattened, dull pink or gray papules at mucocutaneous junctions and in moist areas of the skin (eg, in the perianal area, under the breasts); lesions are extremely infectious. Lesions of the mouth, throat, larynx, penis, vulva, or rectum are usually circular, raised, and often gray to white with a red border. Secondary syphilis can affect any organ. About ½ of patients have lymphadenopathy, usually generalized, with nontender, firm, discrete nodes, and often hepatosplenomegaly. About 10% of patients have lesions of the eyes (uveitis), bones (periostitis), joints, meninges, kidneys (glomerulitis), liver (hepatitis), or spleen. About 10 to 30% of patients have mild meningitis, but < 1% have meningeal symptoms, which can include headache, neck stiffness, cranial nerve lesions, deafness, and eye inflammation (eg, optic neuritis, retinitis).

CONGENITAL SYPHILIS

present in utero and at birth, and occurs when a child is born to a mother with secondary syphilis. Untreated syphilis results in a high risk of a bad outcome of pregnancy, including Mulberry molars in the fetus. Syphilis can cause miscarriages, premature births, stillbirths, or death of newborn babies. Some infants with congenital syphilis have symptoms at birth, but most develop symptoms later. Untreated babies can have deformities, delays in development, or seizures along with many other problems such as rash, fever, swollen liver and spleen, anemia, and jaundice. Sores on infected babies are infectious.

PREVENTION??

Methods of prevention of Syphilis mentioned in various sources includes those listed below. This prevention information is gathered from various sources, and may be inaccurate or incomplete. None of these methods guarantee prevention of Syphilis.

• Safe sex
• Monogamy
• Condoms
• Pregnancy screening for syphilis – avoids congenital syphilis in the newborn.

Y suffer when u know the Better

What is gonorrhea ?????

A sexually transmitted Disease (STD) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoea. Although gonorrhea is known primarily as a sexually transmitted Disease (STD), it is not exclusively so, but can also be transmitted to the newborn during the birthing process.

What was it called Before ????

Gonorrhea is sometimes also known as “the clap”. This moniker may seem a bit strange but is has actually been around since 1587. It comes from the French word “clapoir” which was commonly used to describe gonorrhea in the late sixteenth century.

How is it spread????

Contrary to popular belief, gonorrhea cannot be transmitted from toilet seats or door handles. The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhea requires very specific conditions to grow and to reproduce. It cannot live outside the body for more than a few minutes at most, nor can it live on the skin of the hands, arms, or legs. It survives only on moist surfaces within the body and is found most commonly in the vagina and, especially the cervix. The bacterium can also live in the urethra. Gonorrhea can even exist in the back of the throat (from oral-genital contact) and in the rectum.

Gonorrhea is not a small problem ????

Left untreated, gonorrhea can lead to a severe painful pelvic infection with inflammation of the fallopian tubes and ovaries, a form of pelvic inflammatory disease, or PID. Symptoms of PID include fever, pelvic cramping, abdominal pain, and pain with intercourse. PID can lead to difficulty in becoming pregnant or even sterility.

Can Gonorrhea Complicate ????

The complications of gonorrhea can include inflammation of the heart valves, arthritis, and eye infections. If the infection is severe enough, a localized area of infection and pus (an abscess) forms, and major surgery may be necessary and even life-saving. Gonorrheal infection in people with diminished immune function, such as from chemotherapy or AIDS, can also be extremely serious.

Gonorrhea can also cause eye Infections !!!!!

Gonorrhea can cause eye infections in babies born to infected mothers, even if the mother has no symptoms at the time of delivery. Chlamydia can also be passed from mother to child during birth. Infected newborn infants develop drainage from the eyes within 2 weeks of birth and the eyelids become puffy, red, and tender. Gonorrhea may cause perforation of the cornea and very significant destruction of the deeper eye structures while chlamydia is somewhat less destructive. Hospitals require silver nitrate or, more often today, antibiotic drops in a newborn’s eyes to prevent these diseases.

Symptoms of Gonorrhea ???

The early symptoms of gonorrhea often are mild, and some people who are infected have no symptoms of the disease; this is one reason why it is so readily transmitted. If symptoms of gonorrhea develop, they usually appear within 2 to 10 days of sexual contact with an infected partner, although a small percentage of patients may be infected for several months without showing symptoms.

The initial symptoms in women include a painful or burning sensation when urinating or a yellowish vaginal discharge. More advanced symptoms include abdominal pain, bleeding between menstrual periods, vomiting, or fever.

Men usually have a whitish-yellowish discharge from the penis and a burning sensation during urination that may be severe. Symptoms of rectal infection include anal itching, and sometimes painful bowel movements.

Diagnosis of gonorrhea ???

Testing for gonorrhea is done by swabbing the infected site and culturing the bacteria on the swab in the laboratory. The culture is positive when the gonorrhea bacteria are found to be growing on a culture plate. A newer test can detect both gonorrhea and chlamydia in a urine sample. Up to 40% of women with gonorrhea are also infected with chlamydia.

How silent is it ???

Gonorrhea is often silent in women. Over half of infected women have no symptoms in the early stages of gonorrheal infection. If symptoms do occur, there may be burning on urination, frequent urination, yellowish vaginal discharge, redness of the genitals, swelling of the genitals, and a burning or itching of the vaginal area.

Treatment ?????

Because a high proportion of men and women who have gonorrhea also have chlamydia, the goal of treatment is to cure both infections. Your partner(s) should be treated at the same time you are.

Treatment for uncomplicated gonorrhea consists of antibiotics, including ceftriaxone, cefixime, ciprofloxacin, or ofloxacin for gonorrhea along with azithromycin, doxycycline, or erythromycin for chlamydia.

Prevention Of Gonorrhea ???

All sexually active persons should consider using latex condoms to prevent STDs and HIV infection, even if they are using another form of contraception. Latex condoms used consistently and correctly are an effective means for preventing disease (and pregnancy). Talk openly with your partner about STDs, HIV, and hepatitis B infection, and the use of contraception.

Can i treat a Pregnant woman with Gonorrhea ????

If you become infected with gonorrhea while you are pregnant, it is important that you seek treatment quickly. Not only is it possible to transmit the infection to your child during childbirth, but this common sexually transmitted disease can also cause complications in your pregnancy.

Questions U can ask ur Family Doctor!!!

1. Should the sexual partner be alerted so that they can be tested?
2. Has the gonorrhea progressed into Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?
3. Can the gonorrhea come back without additional exposure?
4. Do any of the internal contraceptive gels, ointments, devices, etc. help prevent gonorrhea?
5. What type of medication will you be prescribing?
6. Are there any side effects?
7. Can I tell if a sexual partner has gonorrhea before having sexual intercourse?